Fans call on Disney 'not to whitewash' Mulan

Ever since Disney announced plans to develop a live-action version of their hit animated film Mulan, possible casting choices have sparked discussions among fans both in China and abroad.

Many fans are concerned the studio will give into a history of "whitewashing" when casting roles for its live-action adaptation of its films.

Internet user Natalie Molnar, a children's librarian and also a member of the popular social media website Care2, initiated a petition titled "Tell Disney You Don't Want A Whitewashed Mulan!" to prevent this from happening. So far, the thread has received 38,338 signatures.

"Disney just announced it will develop a live-action Mulan film. Take a stand against whitewashing in our media. Sign this petition to tell Disney that we demand to see them cast an Asian Mulan!

Mulan was based on a Chinese legend, the story of Hua Mu Lan, in which a young girl disguises herself as a man to serve as a soldier in the battle against Genghis Khan.

The character, story, and fans deserve the best retelling of the story Disney can produce, and although the film was only announced March 30, this disturbing trend of whitewashing in big-budget movies can't get a chance to take root in Mulan as well, and if any company can afford to 'risk' adapting a beloved story with a cast of POCs (refering to People of Color, a term used primarily in the United States to describe any person who is not white), it's Disney," read the petition.

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Jackie Chan wins Academy's Honorary Awards

Chinese actor Jackie Chan, British film editor Anne V. Coates, American casting director Lynn Stalmaster and American documentary filmmaker Frederick Wiseman were presented with the Academy's Honorary Awards Saturday night to recognize their lifetime contributions to the film industry.

上周六晚，中国演员成龙、英国电影剪辑员安妮•考斯特（Anne V. Coates）、美国选角指导林恩•斯达马斯特（Lynn Stalmaster）、以及美国纪录片导演德瑞克•怀斯曼（Frederick Wiseman)等人被授予奥斯卡荣誉奖，以表彰他们对电影行业一生所作出的贡献。

The honors were presented at the eighth annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Ray Dolby Ballroom at Hollywood & Highland Center.

颁奖仪式在第八届年度“州长颁奖典礼”上举行，地点在好莱坞海兰中心杜比剧院。

"The Honorary Award was created for artists like Jackie Chan, Anne Coates, Lynn Stalmaster and Frederick Wiseman -- true pioneers and legends in their crafts," Cheryl Boone Isaacs, president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, said, "The Board is proud to honor their extraordinary achievements."

美国电影艺术与科学学院主席谢丽尔•布恩•艾萨克斯说道：“荣誉奖是为了像成龙、安妮•考斯特、林恩•斯达马斯特、以及瑞克•怀斯曼这样的艺术家而创立的--他们是各自领域中真正的先锋和传奇。理事会非常自豪能够嘉奖他们的非凡成就。”

Chan, as an actor, writer, director and producer, has been performing since the age of eight, appearing in dozens of martial arts films in Hong Kong before becoming an international film star. He charmed audiences with his dazzling athleticism, inventive stunt work and boundless charisma.

作为一名演员、作家、导演和制片人，成龙从8岁就开始登台表演，在成为国际影视巨星前，他在香港参演了数十部武侠电影。他卓越的运动天赋、自己发明的特技表演、以及无穷的个人魅力都让观众们深深着迷。

Since "Rumble in the Bronx" in 1996, he has gone on to enormous worldwide success with the "Rush Hour" movies, "Shanghai Noon", "Shanghai Knights", "Around the World in 80 Days", "The Karate Kid" and the "Kung Fu Panda" series of animated films.

自从1996年的《红番区（Rumble in the Bronx）》以来，成龙凭借《尖峰时刻（Rush Hour）》系列电影、《西域威龙（Shanghai Noon）》、《皇家威龙（Shanghai Knights）》、《环游世界80天（Around the World in 80 Days）》、《功夫梦（The Karate Kid）》、以及《功夫熊猫（Kung Fu Panda）》系列动画电影取得了巨大的世界性成功。

Wearing a typical Chinese gown, Chan said with his golden Oscar statuette, "I still can't believe I am standing here. It's a dream."

穿着传统中式长衫、手拿小金人，成龙说道：“我仍然不敢相信我真的站在这儿了。这一切就好像做梦一样！”

"Twenty-three years ago, I saw this little thing (Oscar statuette) in my friend's house. I touched it, kissed it, and smelled it; I believe there are still my finger prints on it," Chan joked.

成龙开玩笑说道：“23年前，我在我朋友家里看到这个小东西（奥斯卡小金人）。我摸了摸、亲了亲、还闻了闻；我认为现在那上面都还有我的指纹。”

"After 56 years in the film industry, making more than 200 films, and broke so many bones, finally, this is mine," he said, "I want to thank Hong Kong, an incredible city, my hometown. (Thank) who made me, China, my country, I am proud to be Chinese."

成龙说道：“我在电影行业摸爬滚打了56年、拍了超过200部的电影、还骨折了很多次，最终，我得到了这个奖。我想感谢香港，那是一个不可思议的城市，是我的家乡。（谢谢）我的祖国中国塑造了我，我为自己是中国人而自豪！”

"Millions of thanks to all my friends, fans around the world, because you I have a reason to continue to make movies, jumping out of a window, kicking and punching and breaking my bone, thank you so much!" he added.

成龙继续说道：“非常非常感谢我所有的朋友、以及全世界的粉丝们，正是因为你们我才有理由继续拍电影--从窗户跳出来、又踢又打、把自己弄骨折，真的很谢谢你们！”

The Governors Awards ceremony attracted lots of celebrities in the film industry. Tom Hanks, a two-time Oscar winner, said Chan's movies had combined serious and comedic factors together.

州长颁奖典礼吸引了电影界的许多名人。两届奥斯卡得主汤姆•汉克斯表示说，成龙的电影将严肃和喜剧因素结合在了一起。

"It is especially gratified to be able to acknowledge Jackie's enormous creativity, his great gift for physical performance, and incredible dedication to his work," Hanks said.

汤姆•汉克斯说道：“非常高兴能够鸣谢成龙巨大的创造力、他在动作表演方面的巨大天赋、以及对自己工作令人难以置信的奉献。”

Aaron Eckhart, who starred Harvey Dent in "The Dark Knight", said Chan deserves the award.

《蝙蝠侠前传2：黑暗骑士》中“双面人”哈維•丹特的扮演者阿伦•艾克哈特表示说，成龙获得这个奖当之无愧。

"He is an artist, I mean the passion which he does his jobs. He is so creative, he always has a smile on his face, he is a great role model, he is a legend, he is an icon," he said.

他说道：“他是一个艺术家，他在自己的工作中投入了巨大的激情。他非常有创意，他脸上还总是挂着微笑，他是一个伟大的榜样、他是一个传奇、他是一个偶像。”

Chinlingo Chinese character: 花 (huā)

"花" (huā) is a top-down structured character. "艹 (艸)" on the top indicates it falls into the herbaceous family, while "化" (huà) implies "change" and indicates "花" has evolved from grass. Thus, "花" has been provided with the meaning "flower" which shares the same final "ua" with "花", "化" serves as the pictophonetic component.

汉字"花（huā）"为上下结构。上部的"艹(艸)"表明"花（huā）"属于草本植物；下部的"化（huà） "有变化的意思，表明"花（huā）"是从草中变化出来的东西，由此产生花朵的含义。"化（huà）"是声旁，它的韵母"ua"用作构成"huā"的韵母。"

In Chinese,  the pronunciation of many word finals changes with retroflection, which is called "儿化音" (ér huà yīn, rhoticity) and is often prevalent in local dialects in Northern China. "花儿" (huār) is the authentic and standard pronunciation of  "花".

在汉语中，有许多词汇的韵母因卷舌动作而发生音变现象，我们叫它"儿化音（ér huà yīn）"，其常出现在中国北方地区的地方方言里。而"花（huā）"的读音，更地道的发音是带有儿化音，读成："花儿（huār）"。

Do you know what the four most famous flowers are in China? The four famous flowers are "牡丹花" (mǔ dān huā, peony), "水仙花" (shuǐ xiān huā, narcissus), "菊花" (jú huā, chrysanthemum), and "山茶花" (shān chá huā, camellia). "牡丹花" is named "the King of Flowers"; It is the national flower of China and the symbol of wealth, luck, happiness and prosperity. "水仙花" represents purity and luck, and implies the missing sentiment and reunion during the Spring Festival Holiday. "菊花" symbolizes elegance, purity, luck and longevity. Meanwhile, "山茶花" symbolizes purity, enthusiasm and kindness.

你知道中国的四大名花吗？它们分别是：牡丹花（mǔ dān huā），有"花中之王"的称号，是中国的国花，它象征着富贵、吉祥、幸福、繁荣；水仙花（shuǐ xiān huā），象征纯洁和吉祥，过年时表示思念、团圆；菊花（jú huā），象征高雅纯洁、吉祥长寿；山茶花（shān chá huā），象征纯洁纯真、热情、善良。

Besides the primary meaning, "花" can imply the following meanings, such as: "to spend" (time, money);

如果你还想有更多的了解，我还可以告诉你，" 花"除了本义外，还可引申表示为：

"anything resembling a flower" as in "雪花" (xuě huā, snowflake);

形状像花的东西：雪花（xuě huā）

"multicolored" as in "花衣" (huā yī, bright-colored clothes); and lastly, 

色彩繁多的： 花衣（huā yī）

"fancy/florid" as in "花招" (huā zhāo, tricks)

迷惑人虚假的：花招（huā zhāo） 

The article is translated and editted by Chinlingo. Please indicate the source for any use, reproduction or transfer. 

本文由Chinlingo编译后发布，如需转载，请标明来源。

Foreigners learn Chinese out of practical interests?

Twenty years ago, most kids learning Chinese in American kindergartens were from Chinese families, but now more and more non-Chinese kids are seen there. An American Chinese reporter has reported about Chinese learning in his article The Changing Face of America's Chinese Schools in The Atlantic. 

二十年前，美国幼儿园学中文的娃娃绝大多数是黑头发黄皮肤的华人子弟，而今出现了越来越多的"洋娃娃"。美国《大西洋月刊》近日刊登的洛杉矶华裔记者《美国中文学校的变化》的文章如上写道。

How popular is Chinese learning among foreigners?

中文在国外有多火？

In recent years, there has been a fever of Chinese learning among European and American countries. Many adult-devoted Chinese training organizations have emerged one after another. Nowadays, Chinese is taught in British nurseries as well. A bilingual kindergarten featuring Chinese learning has just opened in London, where the burbling babies are taught Chinese words and songs, costing £350-1500 a month, which depends on the training time. Although expensive, it still cannot stop the parents' enthusiasm. 

近年来，欧美掀起一股学中文的热潮，许多面向成人的中文补习班纷纷成立，而今英国的幼儿园也开始教中文了。伦敦最近成立了首家以中文为主的双语托儿所，向正咿呀学语的婴幼儿教授中文词汇和歌曲，简直有"学中文从娃娃抓起"的架势。而且学费不菲，每月收费由350至1500英镑（约合人民币3400至14700元）不等，视时间而定。虽然昂贵，但仍然挡不住父母"掏钱"的热情。

How many teachers are teaching Chinese and how many students are learning Chinese in the US? According to the statistics by Asia Society, there are over 50,000 American students learning Chinese presently and the number of schools offering Mandarin programs has risen to 4,000 from 200 ten years ago. Chinese has become the secondary foreign language in the US, next to Spanish. 

在美国有多少教中文的老师和学中文的学生呢？据亚洲协会统计，目前大约有5万多名美国学生在学习中文，开设中文课程的学校则由十年前的200家增长到4000多家。汉语已成为美国仅次于西班牙语的第二大外语。

Chinese has also become the secondary foreign language in South Korea, Japan, France and Germany, the primary foreign language in Australia and the third official language in Canada. According to the estimate by Hanban (Office of Chinese Language Council International), the number of Chinese learners will be over 150,000,000 globally. Chinese proficiency has even been a trump card for people to find a job in many countries. It has become a well-recognized skill.

汉语在韩国、日本、法国、德国等国也一跃成为第二外语，也成为澳大利亚的第一大外语，也是加拿大的第三大官方语言。根据国家汉办的预测，全世界学习汉语的人数将超过1.5亿，懂中文甚至已成为很多国家的公民就业的一张王牌，是一种被社会认可的技能。

Such a favorable trend has been supported by foreign governments as well. When China's President Xi Jinping visited the White House in September, 2015, U.S. President Barack Obama announced the "One Million Strong" initiative to grow the number of K-12 students studying Mandarin from approximately 200,000 to 1 million by 2020. He stressed, "If our two countries are going to do more together around the world, then speaking each other's languages so we can understand each other is fundamental."

这种大好形势也得到了外国政府的助推，2015年九月，习近平主席访美时，美国总统奥巴马宣布将启动"百万强"计划。到2020年，将实现100万名美国学生学习汉语。奥巴马强调："如果美中两国准备在全球各地采取更多行动，那么一个最好的开端就是学对方的语言、真正了解对方。"

During his visit to China, British Chancellor George Osborne announced a £10m boost towards the teaching of Mandarin in British schools. Britain had introduced Chinese as a compulsory foreign language course for pupils above the third grade in primary schools and announced the goal to double the number of people learning Chinese in the UK from 200,000 to 400,000. This time, it provides the material security to promote Chinese teaching. 

也在那几天，在华访问的英国财政大臣乔治•奥斯本宣布，将拨款1000万英镑支持英国学校开展汉语教学。英方曾宣布将汉语列为小学三年级以上学生系列外语必修课程，以及到2020年实现全英学汉语人数翻番达40万人，这一次，英国再次给推动汉语教学提供了实质性保障措施。

Currently, more than 60 countries have included Chinese teaching in their national education systems. The number of Chinese learners has been over 100 million globally, 3.3 times more than that 10 years ago. In July, 2015, an article written on the Forbes website, reported that "Chinese speakers online have outnumbered English speakers for the first time in history."

目前，已有60多个国家将汉语教学纳入国民教育体系，全球汉语学习者达1亿人，比10年前增长3.3倍。2015年7月，美国《福布斯》网站刊文写道，"历史上第一次，互联网上说中文的用户数量超过了说英语的用户"。 

A reason will well justify Chinese learning: China may become the largest economy in the future.

学中文，一个理由就足够：中国未来可能成为最大经济体

No country can turn a blind eye to China, a country with a population of 1.37 billion as well as a huge market and strong international influences. Moreover, China has now grown into the second largest economy in the world. It has now become a land of first choice for Gold Rush by many foreigners. 

任何一个国家都不能忽略拥有13.7亿人口的中国所拥有巨大的市场和国际影响力。何况，随着经济的发展，中国已成为世界第二大经济体，现在的中国也成为了很多外国人"淘金"的首选之地。

"China would have a larger GDP than the US in 2026 and become the largest economy in the world. It would maintain the leading position till 2050." EIU, the economic analysis think tank under The Economist, claimed in its forecast report in Jun., 2015. 

英国《经济学人》集团旗下的经济分析智囊机构EIU 6月曾发布预测报告称，中国GDP将于2026年超越美国，成为全球最大经济体，并可维持此领先地位至2050年。

The "Chinese Fever" presently is "driven by practical interests" actually. With economic globalization and sustainable economic development in China, more and more foreign investors have fixed their eyes on the huge market of China, especially since it was admitted to WTO. More and more foreign enterprises operate businesses in China. "Chinese proficiency means a good job", which has become a strong motivation for many foreigners to learn Chinese.

当今"中文热"本质上是"现实利益驱动"。全球化经济背景下，中国经济的持续发展，特别是中国加入世贸组织，越来越多的海外投资者看上中国这个巨大的市场，与中国合作的外资企业与日剧增，"会汉语能找到一份好工作"成了很多外国朋友学习汉语的一个强大动力。

Power of a language is closely related to the economic power of its native country. Besides colonialism of the UK and the US all over the world, an important reason why English has been so popular globally is their rapid economic growth in the late 19th century and the early 20th century. Driven by technical inventions and capital centralization, the UK and the US became the locomotive of the world's economy successively. Centralization of productive capitals developed into centralization of financial capitals. In the early 20th century, London and New York became the world's financial centers and the leading investment markets. In 1914, the overseas investments by these two countries were over £4.5 billion; three times that of France and four times that of Germany.

一国语言的强大总是与该国经济实力的强大脱不开干系。英语之所以在全世界流行开来，除了英美殖民主义曾在世界各处开花之外，一个重要原因是19世纪后期至20世纪初英美等国的经济快速成长。在技术发明和资本集中的推动下，英国和美国的经济先后扮演了世界经济火车头的角色。生产资本的集中又发展成金融资本的集中。到20世纪初，伦敦和纽约已是世界金融中心和最主要的投资市场。1914年，英国和美国两国在国外的投资超过45亿英镑，这个数目是当时法国在国外投资额的3倍，德国在国外投资额的4倍。

English has become the first common language used among businessmen and investors travelling across the world. Any enterprise owner or businessman should speak English to communicate with  international banks. English has become the prevailing language in the international business circles. 

英语首先成为奔波于全球各地的商人和投资人的通用语言。任何国家的企业主和商人要和国际银行界打交道必须会英语。英语成为国际商界用语占支配地位的语言。

However, the powerful economy of China is not the only reason for one to learn Chinese. According to Quora, these reasons have also been seen: Chinese is considered as one of the most difficult languages in the world, so learning Chinese will be helpful to one's IQ development; learning Chinese to facilitate travelling in China; or learning Chinese just because of the beautiful characters. 

当然，中国经济强大并不是唯一的学习中文的理由。在国外Quora（与知乎类似的网站）网站上，还可以看到如下理由：中文难度系数高，被认为是世界上最难的语言之一，学习中文可以锻炼自己的智商；为了来中国旅游，还有的纯粹是为享受汉字之美。

The article is translated and editted by Chinlingo. Please indicate the source for any use, reproduction or transfer. 

本文由Chinlingo编译后发布，如需转载，请标明来源。

Repeat a verb to express 'a little bit' in Chinese

One of the fun things about Chinese is that when speaking, you can repeat certain things to express "a little bit." In this article you'll learn how to do it with verbs, creating a casual tone, and a sense that whatever the action is, it's not going to take long.

一个关于中文有趣的事就是：说话的时候，你可以重复某事去表达"a little bit"。你会在本文里学会如何用动词进行重复用法，带上非正式的语气，且给人无论任何动作都不会持续太久的感觉。

Reduplication with VV pattern

In Chinese, verbs can be reduplicated to indicate that they happen briefly or "a little bit."

在中文里，可以重复动词去表示它们会短暂发生或"一点儿"。

Subj. + Verb + Verb

Examples

你看看。

nǐ kàn kan.

Take a little look.

我试试。

wǒ shì shi.

I'll give it a little try.

说说你的想法。

shuō shuo nǐ de xiǎngfǎ.

Talk a little bit about your opinion.

我想出去走走。

wǒ xiǎng chūqù zǒu zou.

I want to go out and walk for a bit.

Reduplication with "一"

Another way to reduplicate verbs is to insert "一 (yī)", in the following structure:

另一个重复动词的方式是插入"一"字，如下面的结构：

Verb + 一 + Verb

Examples

别生气了，笑一笑！

bié shēngqì le, xiào yi xiào!

Don't get mad, smile a little bit!

我可以用一用你的电脑吗？

wǒ kěyǐ yòng yi yòng nǐ de diànnǎo ma?

Can I use your computer for a little bit?

你现在有时间吗？我们聊一聊吧。

nǐ xiànzài yǒu shíjiān ma? wǒmen liáo yi liáo ba.

Do you have a second? Let's talk a bit.

你想尝一尝我做的菜吗？

nǐ xiǎng cháng yi cháng wǒ zuò de cài ma?

Do you want to taste the food that I cooked?

Using this kind of structure lightens the mood and seriousness of the question. It also adds variety to sentence structure. Because these phrases are used colloquially, there is not set rule to which verbs this can be applied to. Obviously, there are some verbs that are often reduplicated and some verbs that sound weird when reduplicated. With practice, you will learn which ones are often used.

使用这类结构减缓了情绪和问题的严肃性，它也给句子结构增添了多样性。由于这些短语使用通俗，所以并没有固定规则指定适用哪些动词。很显然，有很多动词经常被重复，且有些动词重复时听上去有点怪异。多练习，你就会明白哪些动词常常用到。

ABAB Reduplication with Two-Syllable Verbs

In the examples above, all verbs are only one syllable. Those verbs get reduplicated a lot, so these examples are quite useful. Occasionally, though, two-syllable verbs get reduplicated as well. When this happens, it's correct to use the "ABAB" pattern for verbs, and not the "AABB" pattern you use for adjectives.

上面的例子中，所有动词都只是一个音节。这些动词常常会被重复使用，因此这些例子很实用。不过有时候两个音节的动词也可以重复使用。这种情况下，使用动词的"ABAB"形式才是正确，而不是形容词的"AABB"形式。

Examples

考虑考虑

kǎolǜ kǎolǜ

think it over

讨论讨论

tǎolùn tǎolùn

discuss it

商量商量

shāngliang shāngliang

talk it over

打听打听

dǎting dǎting

inquire about it

[Key Words]

重复: chóng fù, repeat

音节: yīn jié, syllable

The article is translated and editted by Chinlingo. Please indicate the source for any use, reproduction or transfer. 

本文由Chinlingo编译后发布，如需转载，请标明来源。

Five words meaning judging and assessing in Mandarin Chinese

The words 'to judge' and 'to assess' have quite a few different but related meanings. In Mandarin, a lot of these meanings are covered by one of the five words below:

英语单词"judge"和"assess"的含义有许多不同却又有关联，但是以下五个中文词语中都涵盖了多层交叉的含义。

判断 (pànduàn)

评判 (píngpàn)

评断 (píngduàn)

论定 (lùndìng)

裁决 (cáijué)

Here's a summary of the differences between these terms and how to use them.

以下是对这些词语的区别与用法的总结。

判断: to determine

判断 is similar to words like 'determine', 'decide' or 'discern' in English. As with the other words in this article, it can also be translated as 'assess' or 'judge'. It contains the character 判, which appears in the word for 'referee': 裁判员.

"判断"与英语中的 "determine", "decide" 或"discern"意思相近。和本文中的其它词一样，它也可以翻译为"assess"或 "judge"。其所包含的汉字"判"也是"裁判员" (referee) 中的"判"字。

Example sentences:

Xiǎoháizi bùnéng pànduàn shénme shì duì de, shénme shì cuò de.

小孩子不能判断什么是对的，什么是错的。 

Young children cannot determine what is right and what is wrong.

Nǐ yīnggāi zìjǐ pànduàn shénme shíhou hē le tài duō jiǔ.

你应该自己判断什么时候喝了太多酒。 

You should be able to judge when you've drunk too much.

Tóuzī tā néng pànduàn de hěn zhèngquè

投资她能判断得很正确。

She can assess investments very accurately.

评判: to pass judgment

评判 expresses judgment in a different sense to 判断, although it also includes 判. It refers to judging a person or their behavior, or commenting on something in a judgmental way. It's fairly easy to remember, as the two characters in 评判 are literally 'comment judge'.

虽然"评判"也包含"判"字，但是它的意思不同于"判断"。"评判"用于评价一个人或其行为，或评价某一事物。这个词很容易记住，它的字面意思就是"comment judge".

Example sentences:

Tā sānfānwǔcì píngpàn biérén

他三番五次评判别人。 

Time and again, he judges other people.

Nǐ búyào píngpàn biérén de chuántǒng wénhuà

你不要评判别人的传统文化。.

Don't judge other people's traditional culture.

Wǒmen yīnggāi gēnjù tā de zuòwéi lái píngpàn tā

我们应该根据他的作为来评判他。 

We should judge him according to his actions.

Duì nǐ lái shuō, wǒmen kěbù kěyǐ píngpàn biérén de zōngjiào

对你来说，我们可不可以评判别人的宗教？

In your view, can we judge other people's religion or not?

评断: to evaluate

评断 is judging in the sense of evaluating or sizing up. It can also refer to assessing the level of something. 评断 appears in the word 评断力, which is someone's ability to make wise or sensible judgments.

"评断"含有"评估、判断"的意思。它也可以用于评估某物的水平。而包含"评断"的"评断力"则指某人做出明智或合理判断的能力。

Example sentences:

Zhè cì miànshì de yìyì shì píngduàn nǐ hé bu héshì zhè jiā gōngsī

这次面试的意义是评断你合不合适这家公司。

The purpose of this interview is to assess whether or not you are suitable for the company.

Yīshēng yīnggāi kàn yánjiū zhìliàng lái píngduàn xīn de yàopǐn

医生应该看研究质量来评断新的药品。

Doctors should look at the quality of evidence to evaluate new medicines.

Wǒmen kěbu kěyǐ jǐnjǐn yòng zhìshāng lái píngduàn rénmen de cáizhì?

我们可不可以仅仅用智商来评断人们的才智？

Can IQ alone be used to evaluate people's intelligence?

论定: to conclude

论定 means to make a concluding judgment on a debate or comparison. There's a chengyu 盖棺论定, which is literally 'cover coffin discuss settle', meaning 'only when someone is dead can he or she be judged.'

"论定"指在辩论或比较中做出一个最终判断。成语"盖棺论定"，直译为"cover coffin discuss settle"，意思是"只有当一个人死后，对他的评价才会有定论"。

Example sentences:

Nǐ néng yīncǐ ér lùn dìng nǚ xìng zhǔyì háishì xūyào de

你能因此而论定女权主义还是需要的。

From this you can conclude that feminism is still necessary.

Kàn wán yánjiū yǐhòu, wǒmen qízhōng dà bùfèn rén lùn dìng yìmiáo shì jiàn hǎoshì

看完研究以后，我们其中大部分人论定疫苗是件好事。

After looking at the research, most of us conclude that vaccines are a good thing.

Yīnwèi tā zuò le bù shǎo bù hǎo de shì wǒmen kěyǐ lùn dìng tā shì bù hǎo de rén

因为他做了不少不好的事我们可以论定他是不好的人。

As he has done a lot of bad things, we can conclude that he is a bad person.

裁决: to judge (in court)

Finally, there is the legal sense of 'to judge', in a court of law: 裁决.

最后，"裁决"这个词是法律用语，相当于英语的"judge".

Example:

Zhège ànjiàn huì xūyào hěn cháng shíjiān lái cáijué

这个案件会需要很长时间来裁决。

Judging this case may require some time.

Summary

总结

All of these words can be translated as 'to judge', but with different connotations:

这些词语都可以翻译成"to judge", 却有着不同的含义。

判断 (pànduàn): to determine, to decide

评判 (píngpàn): to judge other people, to comment judgmentally

评断 (píngduàn): to evaluate, to assess

论定 (lùndìng): to conclude, to settle

裁决  (cáijué): to judge (in court)

The article is translated and editted by Chinlingo. Please indicate the source for any use, reproduction or transfer. 

本文由Chinlingo编译后发布，如需转载，请标明来源。

Chinese characters with the same components in different placement

Different characters with same components

一样的偏旁部首，不一样的汉字

When I learn characters, I rely heavily on my understanding of how Chinese characters work (particularly when it comes to phonetic components), but I also make frequent use of mnemonics. I don't use them all the time, but I do employ them whenever I forget something I think I really ought to remember or when something refuses to stick.

我学习汉字时，很大程度上依赖于我对汉字结构的理解，尤其是在遇到声旁类汉字时。不过，我也常常会用到助记符。我倒不是总用这个方法，但针对那些我认为确实应该记住却忘了的东西或是记不牢的东西，我就会用助记符。

I use very simple mnemonics to remember characters, often just a single picture (scene) with the elements I need to incorporate. This usually just includes the character components, but sometimes tones as well.

我用非常简单的助记符来记忆汉字，通常只是一张涵盖我所需记忆元素的图片（场景）。其中往往只有汉字偏旁部首，有时也有标注声调。

Memorise components without placement

忽略布局，简单记忆偏旁部首

I memorise the components in whatever order makes the best mnemonic (usually what comes to mind first); I don't really need to remember that "grass" 艹 goes on top, that 扌 goes on the left and that 鳥 should be on the right, because that's almost always the case. 

我以最能帮助记忆的顺序来记忆偏旁部首，通常是脑海里最先蹦出来的那个；我不需要记住 艹 要在"草"字的上面，扌在左边，而 鳥 应该在右边，因为通常都是这种情况。

The variety of component placement

偏旁部首布局的多样性

But sometimes the placement of the components makes all the difference. This is what I'm going to talk about in this article. Most of these characters are fairly rare, so don't make the mistake of just adding them to your spaced repetition program because you can. Another way of putting it is that unless you're an advanced learner, you will very rarely come across different characters that share the same components but in different configurations.

然而，有时偏旁部首布局不同，汉字完全不同。这就是我这篇文章将要讲到的内容。这些汉字大部分是非常少见的，所以，不要因为你会就错误地将它们添加到你的间隔重复计划中，除非你是个高阶学习者，不然你很难遇到偏旁部首相同而布局结构不同的不同汉字。

Different placement of the same components creates different characters

偏旁部首相同而布局不同组成不同的汉字

Here is a list of Chinese characters that have the same components but arranged differently. Note that these characters are not variants of each other, they are different characters, usually with completely different meanings and pronunciations!

以下是偏旁部首相同而布局结构不同的汉字。注意，这些汉字不是对应的变体，它们是不同的字，意思和发音通常也完全不同！

•蜒 yán (millipede) – 蜑 dàn(egg)

•怡 yí (joyful, happy) – 怠 dài (idle, slack)

•愀 qiǎo (to change one’' countenance) – 愁 chóu (to be anxious, worry)

•杲 gǎo (brilliant, bright sun) – 杳 yǎo (distant, out of sight)

•摸 mō (caress, touch) – 摹 mó (copy, trace)

•呆 dāi (dull, stupid) – 杏 xìng (almond, apricot)

•忠 zhōng (loyal) – 忡 chōng (grieved)

•忘 wàng (forget, neglect) – 忙 máng (busy)

•召 zhào (convene, summon) – 叨 dāo (talkative)

•含 hán (contain) – 吟 yín (chant, recite)

•唯 wéi (only) – 售 shòu (sell)

•啼 tí (weep, caw) – 啻 chì (merely)

•帛 bó (silk, fabrics) – 帕 pà (kerchief)

•某 mǒu (certain person or thing) – 柑 gān (tangerine)

•桉 ān (eucalyptus) – 案 àn (case, table)

•皇 huáng (emperor) – 珀 pò (amber)

•眇 miǎo (minute, blind) – 省 shěng/xǐng (save, province; be aware)

•音 yīn (sound) – 昱 yù (bright)

•机 jī (crucial point, engine) – 朵 duǒ (mw. for flowers)

•*垦 kěn (cultivate) – 垠 yín (limit)

•*吴 wú (a surname) – 吞 (swallow)

•*庄 zhuāng (village) – 圹 kuàng (tomb)

•翋 là (flying) – 翊 yì (assist, help, flying) – 翌 yì (daybreak, the next day)

•另 lìng (another) – 加 jiā (add) – 叻 lè (used for sound transcription)

•旭 xù (brilliant, rising sun) – 旮 gā (corner, nook) – 旯 lá (corner, nook)

*These only have the same components in simplified Chinese. Some might not actually share the same component, but they look the same or extremely similar.

*这些字只在简体中文里有相同的偏旁部首。实际上有一些字的偏旁部首可能不一样，但是它们看起来一样或者非常相似。

This list started with my own observations over a few years and has then been expanded by helpful people in the comment section (thanks to Andy and Els)!

上表是基于我个人多年观察经验、并由评论区的热心网友加以丰富拓展的（感谢Andy 和Els）！

Reminders for language learners

给语言学习者的提醒

For language learning purposes, this only becomes a problem when you encounter two or more from each set, which is unlikely to happen unless you learn a large number of characters. While this list is not exhaustive, it's also unlikely to happen because the phenomenon itself is rare.

从语言学习的角度来说，当你遇到每组的两个或两个以上时，你才需要去解决这个问题，当然这种情况不大可能发生，除非你学习大量汉字。尽管这个列表不够详尽，但这种情况也不大可能会遇到的，因为这种现象本身就很罕见。

This means that my method of not encoding order at all in mnemonics works find so long as you also have a decent understanding of characters and know what component goes where. For the small majority of cases above where this doesn't work, you can simply make an exception and make sure you get the order right in each.

这意味着，只要你对汉字理解恰当，并且知道偏旁部首该放在哪儿，那么，我提到的记忆法就很管用。上述少数情况用这个方法不起作用时，你可以破例，确保你知道每个助记符的正确顺序。

Simply it! 

简化！

In general, keep things simple. Don't use mnemonics to encode and remember information you don't need to have in there. If you're going to include components and their order, pronunciation, tone and perhaps even more things, you need something approaching a short story to remember it. That's not time well-spent. Keep it simple. Remember only the things you really have to!

总之，要把复杂的事情简单化。不要用助记符来编码、记忆你不需要的信息。如果你要记住偏旁部首及其顺序、发音、音调，甚至更多信息，你需要看一篇短文来记忆。这样就没有充分利用好时间。务必简单化！只记忆你真正需要记的东西！

The article is translated and editted by Chinlingo. Please indicate the source for any use, reproduction or transfer. 

本文由Chinlingo编译后发布，如需转载，请标明来源。